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Purpose : The incidences of high organophosphate pesticide exposure and its concomitant health risks are well known in developing countries like India. The effect of exposure on human eye is not well deliberated and touched upon. This study seeks to highlight its effects on the human eye. Aim of this review was also to suggest preventive measures.
Methods : Various available literatures were reviewed retrospectively and ocular effects of organophosphate pesticides were analysed. Unique feature of this study was analysis of effects on eye by various subtypes of organophosphate pesticides.
Results : The toxic effects on the eyes can occur via inhalation, ingestion, dermal or direct ocular exposure. Acute or chronic exposure to organophosphate was found to affect conjunctiva, cornea, iris, lens, retina and optic nerve. Apart from visual symptoms agricultural workers who were chronically exposed, also showed organophosphate induced retinopathy, retinal degeneration, optic neuropathy and macular changes. Paracentral scotoma and constriction of visual field were also noted in workers exposed to fenthion. Abnormalities in ocular movements like supranuclear gaze palsy and opsoclonus were observed with diazinon exposure. Saku disease, an optico-autonomic peripheral neuropathy was noted with malathion.
Conclusion : Organophosphate pesticides are most commonly used pesticides and they continue to cause risk to the eye. From the study we submit that increased awareness, methods to reduce exposure to the eye with strict monitoring and effective pesticide regulations should be the preventive measures to be followed.
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